PARIS, March 2 (Reuters) - France will increase the size of its nuclear arsenal and strengthen its deterrent, with an increasing risk of conflicts globally crossing the nuclear threshold, President
France to boost nuclear arsenal, involve European allies in deterrence
France's Evolving Nuclear Doctrine and European Security
By Michel Rose
France's New Nuclear Strategy
PARIS, March 2 (Reuters) - France will expand its nuclear arsenal and will potentially allow European partners to host its aircraft on nuclear deterrence missions, President Emmanuel Macron said on Monday, signalling a major doctrine change for France and the continent.
Though France and Britain are both nuclear powers, most European countries have relied primarily on the United States for deterring any potential adversaries — a decades-old pillar of transatlantic security.
Changing Geopolitical Landscape
But Trump's rapprochement with Russia on the Ukraine war and his harsher posture towards traditional allies have rattled European governments, and some countries have expressed interest in how Paris could protect them by extending its nuclear umbrella.
"We are currently experiencing a period of geopolitical upheaval fraught with risk," Macron said in a speech delivered from a submarine base in Brittany, adding that a hardening of the French deterrence model was needed.
Increased Cooperation with European Allies
Unveiling the update to France's nuclear doctrine, a once-per-term ritual for presidents, Macron promised more cooperation with European allies that have expressed interest.
Germany, but also Greece, Poland, the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark and Sweden would be able to take part in French nuclear wargames.
"I believe I can say our partners are ready," Macron said.
Decision-Making and Funding
Still, Macron gave no details on how the enhanced nuclear drive would be funded, while making clear decision-making on nuclear strikes will remain solely in the hands of the French president.
European Collaboration and Response
Joint Initiatives with Germany
ARMING UP TOGETHER
German Chancellor Friedrich Merz said in a joint statement with Macron that France and Germany had established a nuclear steering group to discuss deterrence issues and would start concrete cooperation this year.
That would include participation by conventional German forces in French nuclear exercises and joint visits to strategic sites, as well as the development of non-nuclear capabilities with France and other European partners.
Poland and Other Allies
Polish Prime Minister Donald Tusk said on X Poland was in talks "with France and a group of closest European allies on the programme of advanced nuclear deterrence".
"We are arming up together with our friends so that our enemies will never dare to attack us," he added.
Forward Deterrence and Nuclear Arsenal Expansion
Deployment of Strategic Assets
The French leader said it would be possible to establish, under unspecified circumstances, strategic assets in other European countries that would be part of what he called a new "forward deterrence" doctrine.
"Our strategic air forces could be spread deep into the European continent," Macron said, without giving more details.
Increase in Warheads and Spending
Although the size of France's nuclear arsenal is based on a strategy of "strict sufficiency", the number of French warheads will be increased, Macron said.
France spends roughly 5.6 billion euros ($6.04 billion) a year to maintain its stockpile of 290 submarine- and air-launched weapons — the world's fourth-largest arsenal. Britain has 225 nuclear warheads. Russia and the United States have more than 5,000 each.
Relations with Britain, NATO, and the United States
Macron said close ties on nuclear deterrence will continue with Britain. He also said the current rethink of French nuclear doctrine has been done in total transparency with Washington, and was complementary to NATO's nuclear mission.
(Reporting by Michel Rose and Inti Landauro in Paris; additional reporting by Friederike Heine in Berlin, Alan Charlish in Warsaw and Elizabeth Pineau in Paris; Editing by Richard Lough, Aidan Lewis and Andrei Khalip)
